Evaluating the efficiency of sampling methods in assessing soil macrofauna communities in arable systems

The soil fauna is often a neglected group in many large-scale studies of farmland biodiversity due to difficulties in extracting organisms efficiently from the soil. This study assesses the relative efficiency of the simple and cheap sampling method of handsorting against Berlese–Tullgren funnel and Winkler apparatus extraction. Soil cores were taken from grassy arable field margins and wheat fields in Cambridgeshire, UK, and the efficiencies of the three methods in assessing the abundances and species densities of soil macroinvertebrates were compared. Handsorting in most cases was as efficient at extracting the majority of the soil macrofauna as the Berlese–Tullgren funnel and Winkler bag methods, although it underestimated the species densities of the woodlice and adult beetles. There were no obvious biases among the three methods for the particular vegetation types sampled and no significant differences in the size distributions of the earthworms and beetles. Proportionally fewer damaged earthworms were recorded in larger (25 × 25 cm) soil cores when compared with smaller ones (15 × 15 cm). Handsorting has many benefits, including targeted extraction, minimum disturbance to the habitat and shorter sampling periods and may be the most appropriate method for studies of farmland biodiversity when a high number of soil cores need to be sampled.     

Effects of nitrogen supply on water‐use efficiency of higher plants

The worldwide increase of food demand and reduced sweet‐water availability in some important food‐producing regions raised interest in more efficient water use, which has become one of the central research topics in agriculture. Improved irrigation management and reduced bare‐soil evaporation have highest priority to increase agronomic water‐use efficiency (WUE). Compared to these technical (irrigation) and basic (crop production) management options, effects of nutrient management on WUE were less frequently considered. Twenty‐nine publications on nitrogen (N) effects on biomass WUE of container‐grown plants are considered in this review. Most of them indicate positive N effects on WUE, and relevance of N effects on intrinsic WUE and unproductive water and carbon loss is discussed. A plot of 90 published data of percent decreases of WUE and dry mass under variable N supply is presented. Extrapolation of biomass WUE from leaf measurements of intrinsic WUE is critically reviewed. The positive correlation between WUE and dry‐mass formation suggests that physiological rather than stomatal effects are more important in order to explain positive N effects on WUE.     

Effect of crop‐residue management on the production and agronomic nitrogen efficiency in a rice–wheat cropping system

The rice–wheat cropping system (RWCS), producing about 5–10 Mg ha^–1 y^–1 of grain, is the backbone of food‐crop production in South‐East Asia. However, this system shows signs of fatigue as indicated by declining yields, negative nitrogen (N) balances, and reduced responses to applied fertilizer at some research centers. The return of rice and wheat residues can recycle up to 20%–30% of the N absorbed by the crops. However, their wide C : N ratio can temporarily immobilize native and applied N. To overcome this immobilization, wheat‐straw application was supplemented with the incorporation of Sesbania green manure and mungbean residues, and their effects on productivity, agronomic N efficiency, and system's apparent N balances were studied. Combining the application of wheat straw with Sesbania green manure or mungbean residues increased cereal grain yield and agronomic N efficiency and improved the generally negative apparent N balances. The combined use of wheat straw and mungbean produced an additional 0.5–0.6 t ha^–1 protein‐rich grain and thus appears to be the most promising residue‐management option for rice–wheat cropping systems in South Asia, provided that the transition cropping season between wheat harvest and rice transplanting is long enough.     

铜盐毒害对紫鸭跖草养分吸收和生长的影响

通过含有不同浓度CuSO4的Hoagland营养液培养紫鸭跖草枝条,研究了紫鸭跖草对铜的耐性和超积累以及铜胁迫下紫鸭跖草生长和营养状况.结果表明:紫鸭跖草根部铜的积累量低浓度Cu2 供应时增加幅度不大,高浓度Cu2 供应时增加幅度较大;茎部的情况与根部相似;但叶部在低浓度Cu2 供应时铜的积累量几乎没有变化,高浓度Cu2 供应时铜的积累量增幅较大.在500 μmol · L-1和1 000 μmol · L-1铜处理下,紫鸭跖草整株铜积累量分别为866 mg · kg-1(DW)和1 130 mg · kg-1(DW).紫鸭跖草对铜的吸收和转运效率与铜的供给量呈正相关性.100～250 μmol · L-1铜的供应能明显促进紫鸭跖草生长.高浓度铜促进了钾、钙的吸收而阻碍了锌的吸收及镁向地上部分的运输,尽管如此,氮、磷、钾、镁、钙的浓度均在满足常规植物正常生长的浓度范围内.铜胁迫下对根部蛋白质表达活跃,氨基酸含量增加.研究结果表明紫鸭跖草对铜有很大耐性和富集能力.     

运单系列玉米品种的生理特性及栽培措施研究

运单系列玉米品种是指由山西省农业科学院棉花研究所以运城为选育基地育成的晋单39、晋单46、运单19和运高油1号等玉米单交种.这些品种与其它品种比较具有耐寒性差、耐高温性好、生长速度快、叶片光合效能强和产量突出等生理特性.在栽培管理上要求推迟播种时间(早春),适当增加种植密度,提早施肥,一促到底,补施灌浆肥.提倡在易发生持续高温天气的地区种植运单系列玉米品种。     

不同灌水量对干旱区枸杞水分利用效率及产量和品质的影响

【目的】利用非称重式蒸渗仪,研究不同灌水量对枸杞产量、水分利用效率和品质的影响,为干旱区枸杞节水灌溉提供理论依据。【方法】以5年生宁杞1号枸杞为研究对象,开展不同灌水量灌溉试验,试验共设4个处理,以习惯灌水量为对照,其他处理灌水量为对照的2/3、1/2、1/4, 分别记为 L₁、L₂、L₃、L₄,重复3次。分析灌水量对产量、水分利用效率和品质的影响。【结果】增加灌水量,枸杞各生长阶段的耗水量增加,各处理不同生长阶段的耗水量均以对照最大;灌水量对枸杞果形指数和枸杞总黄酮含量的影响不显著;随着灌水量的减少,枸杞受水分胁迫的程度加剧,果实横径、枸杞总黄酮含量和枸杞多糖含量呈下降的趋势,蒸腾蒸发量逐渐降低,产量显著减少;与对照相比,各处理间差异显著,各处理均表现为减产,降幅依次为11.31%(L₂)、43.07%(L₃)、45.69%(L₄)。【结论】在生产中,453.30 m³/667 m²的灌水量为枸杞适宜的灌水量。     

不同抗旱性棉花品种蜡质含量与水分利用效率的关系

【目的】在新疆自然生态条件下,研究不同抗旱性棉花品种蜡质含量变化及与水分利用效率(WUE)的关系。【方法】以抗旱性不同的棉花品种新陆早22号(抗旱性强)和新陆早17号(抗旱性弱)为试材,采用膜下滴灌技术设置正常灌溉和干旱处理,测定分析棉花产量形成期叶片蜡质含量、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、相对含水量(RWC)及籽棉产量。【结果】与正常灌溉相比,干旱处理显著降低了棉花籽棉产量,但盛花至吐絮期叶片蜡质含量提高10.84%、叶片WUE则增加23.96%。不同品种对水分处理响应不同,正常灌溉下新陆早22号与新陆早17号的棉花籽棉产量、RWC、WUE和叶片蜡质含量均无明显差异,干旱条件下新陆早22号的籽棉产量、叶片蜡质、RWC和WUE分别比新陆早17号高41.38%、14.27%、13.1%和3.84%;。相关分析表明,棉花叶片表皮蜡质含量与Tr、Pn呈显著负相关关系,且Tr的负相关系数高于Pn;与RWC呈显著正相关关系。【结论】抗旱性强棉花品种主要通过增加盛花至吐絮期内叶片蜡质含量,降低叶片蒸腾耗水,提高WUE及籽棉产量。     

生防菌解淀粉芽胞杆菌Ht-q6可湿性粉剂的研制及对番茄病害的田间防效

为了研制一种高效、安全及无污染的生防菌剂,本文以核桃内生生防菌解淀粉芽胞杆菌Ht-q6为材料,通过室内筛选和田间试验,确定了生防菌Ht-q6可湿性粉剂的最佳助剂配方及对番茄叶霉病和灰霉病的田间防效。结果表明,可湿性粉剂的最佳配方为载体硅藻土（85%）、润湿剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠（6%）、分散剂木质素磺酸钠（6%）、稳定剂KH₂PO₄（1.0%）、紫外保护剂抗坏血酸（1.0%）。该粉剂芽胞含量2.28×10¹⁰ cfu/g、杂菌率0.5%、pH 5.8、细度93.5%、干燥减量2.5%、润湿时间45 s、悬浮率85.6%,符合国家标准值,质量合格。同时采用喷雾法测定了不同浓度菌剂对大棚中番茄病害的防治效果,结果表明,稀释200×（制剂用量225 g/667m²）的可湿性粉剂对番茄灰霉病和叶霉病的防效分别为77.1%和74.3%,与对照药剂75%百菌清的防效相比,叶霉病防效差异不显著而灰霉病防效差异显著。该菌剂的研制在生产实践中为番茄病害提供一条生防途径。     

25mm厚进口桃花心木干燥基准的优化

采用实验室干燥试验设备,按企业生产干燥基准进行25 mm厚桃花心木干燥试验,并通过锯材干燥质量检测和分析,制定出常规干燥基准的优化方案。结果表明:采用优化的干燥基准,干燥周期由企业原基准的12 d缩短为6 d,干燥效率提高一倍,残余干燥应力值显著降低,锯材综合干燥质量由3级提升至2级,可满足家具、地板等实木制品对锯材质量的要求。     

半干旱区沙地矿区植被恢复技术研究

本文以榆林沙地矿区为例,通过3个试验研究,探讨了半干旱区沙地矿区植被恢复技术。结果为引进樟子松、沙地柏更新改造原有植被,可增加防护植被类型,改变林分结构;以北沙柳为例,平茬可以更新加快灌木生长发育,改变衰老长势,春季平茬效果好于秋冬季;沙地柏、紫穗槐、北沙柳、樟子松等林分消耗利用水分较少,可作为较好的防风固沙林类型,而塔落岩黄耆、柠条、沙蒿耗水量较大,不适宜大面积营造。